Procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department: recommendations for physician credentialing, privileging, and practice.

INTRODUCTION Procedural sedation refers to the technique of administering sedatives or dissociative agents with or without analgesics to induce an altered state of consciousness that allows the patient to tolerate unpleasant procedures while preserving cardiorespiratory function. Procedural sedation and analgesia is a core competency in emergency medicine and a daily part of emergency department (ED) practice. As noted by the United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS): “The ED is a unique environment where patients present on an unscheduled basis with often very complex problems that may require several emergent or urgent interventions to proceed simultaneously to prevent further morbidity or mortality.” The CMS guidelines also state that “...emergency medicine-trained physicians have very specific skill sets to manage airways and ventilation that is necessary to provide patient rescue. Therefore, these practitioners are uniquely qualified to provide all levels of analgesia/sedation and anesthesia (moderate to deep to general).” Emergency medicine residency and pediatric emergency medicine fellowship core curricula include all of the requisite procedural sedation skills, eg, advanced airway management, resuscitation, critical care, monitoring, sedation pharmacology, pain management. Emergency physicians have a wellestablished track record of safe sedation, and are important research and thought leaders in this multidisciplinary field. The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) is an authoritative body that has established guidelines for the use of sedation, analgesia, and anesthesia by emergency physicians. CMS guidelines support the use of the ACEP guideline: “A hospital could use multiple guidelines, for example, ACEP for sedation in the ED and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) for anesthesia/sedation in surgical services, etc.” ACEP convened this task force in 2011 to provide this update to guide hospital policy for the administration of analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia by emergency physicians.